World+History

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=I. THE ENLIGHTENMENT=

1.1. The Enlightenment

 * ==Enlightenment - 1500's & 1600's==
 * During Enlightenment philosophers emphasized individual freedoms and limited government.
 * Freedom of: Assembly, Bare Arms, Speech, Fair Trial
 * **Philosophers was a key factor to the Enlightenment Era**.

1.2. Philosophers of the Enlightenment
> Montesquieu – Wrote //The Spirit of the Laws//, and believed the best way to protect liberty was to divide power into three branches. (Legislative, executive, and judicial.) Dividing power into three branches would make sure that one doesn’t become too strong. This system is called **Check and Balances**.
 * **Hobbes and Locke Have Conflicting Views**
 * **Thomas Hobbes** – Wrote his ideas in //Leviathan//. He believed that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. Hobbes believed that a powerful government or absolute monarchy is the only way to bring order.
 * **Jonh Locke** – He believed that people were born reasonable and moral. He also believed that everyone was born with natural rights. (Life, Liberty, and property.) In //Two treatises of Government//, Locke believed that the best way to run a system that had a limited government and was accepted by all citizens.
 * **Montesquieu Advances the Idea of Separation of Powers**

> Voltaire – Used wit and his pen as his weapon, he fought against inequality, slave trade, and injustice. He offended the French Government and Catholic Church and was eventually exiled.
 * **Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought**

> Diderot – Took years to create a 28-volume set of books called the //Encyclopedia//. Writing the //Encyclopedia// was his way “to change the way of thinking” by explaining ideas on religion, philosophy, and religion. The French believed the //Encyclopedia// to be an attack on public moral and threatened anyone who bought the book.
 * **Diderot Edits the //Encyclopedia//**
 * Even though The French were trying to ban the //Encyclopedia,// more than 4000 prints were published from 1751 to 1789.

> Rousseau –believed that people were naturally good. He believed that people become cruel because they were corrupted by society. He also felt that society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior and if that government should have control, it should be limited.
 * **Rousseau Promotes //The Social Contract//**


 *  When philsophers began attacks on Enlightenment, the government began using **censorship.**
 * (censoship was a way to restrict or block out information. They would burn written works or imprison writers.)
 * For philosophers and writers to spread new ideas they would meet in groups at a certain location. This meeting is called **salons.**
 * Some people did accept these new ideas on Enlightenment, these people are called **Enlightenment Despots.**
 * They used their power to bring political and social change.
 * **Frederick II -** Frederick the Great, used his power to reduce torture and allow free press. He saw himself as "first servant of the state," with a duty to work for the common good.
 * **Catherine the Great -** She was empress of Russia. She abolished torture and established religious freedom. She also criticized feudalism.
 * **Joseph II** - He would dress up in disguise and go around and ask his people how he was running his kingdom. He also ended Censorship.
 * Unforetuantly these changed would not last because they were not willing to give up all their power. They still wanted to be an absolute monarch.

> writers, artists, and philosopher. They met to discuss art, scrience, and political ideas. > Some believed that governmentr regulation and mercantilism was unnecessary. > A new approach called laizzez-faire develophed which requhired little or no government regulation. > Adam Smith believed this approach (supply and demand) would govern the economy.
 * Ideas were spread by salons. Salons were informal gatherings that consisted
 * **How was economic cahnged by the enlightenment?**
 * **Enligtened Despots**
 * How did ideas take hold in Europe?
 * books
 * salons
 * pamplets (cheap & abundant)
 * **How did absolute monarchs respond to the spread of Enlightments?**
 * Censorship (Burn books and imprisoned writers)
 * Censorship (Burn books and imprisoned writers)

What was going on during the enlightenment?
 * Warm up Question**s
 * 1) Describe Natural Rights
 * Rights that belongs to all humans by birth (life, liberty, and property.)
 * 1) Describe Laissez faire
 * a system that uses little or no government involvement.
 * 1) Three ways enlightenment ideas were spread
 * salons, book, and phamphlets
 * 1) how did absolute monarchs/ the church try to stop the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
 * Censorship
 * 1) what did some "Enlightenmented Despots" do to increase individual freedom?
 * allowed free press, religious freedom, ended censorship
 * 1) Did the changes last in Europe
 * no, because the monarchs still wanted absolute power
 * 1) Two reason why England was powerful
 * Strong Navy, and center of trade
 * 1) Two reasons why US Rebelled
 * Excessive Taxing, and Boston Massacre
 * 1) Two ideas from Enliggtenment that was incorporated into the US gov.
 * Freedom of speech and 3 branches of government
 * 1) The american revolution was fought between what two nations
 * england and america
 * 1) the stamp act and the boston massacre were two factors that...
 * led to the american revolution
 * 1) When our found fathers wrote and signed the declaration of independance they were dclarring ...
 * peace from britian
 * 1) Aristotle believed should rule?
 * middle class
 * 1) Plato believed should rule.
 * philosophers

Lecture

 * 1) During the Enlightenment philosopher emphasized individual freedoms and limited governments.
 * 2) A republic is a form of government in which people elect officals
 * 3) Thomas Hobbles believed that man was naturally cruel and selfish and a powerful government was needed to ensure a civilized society.
 * 4) Rousseau believd that man was naturally good and should have ultimate authority over their government.
 * 5) Adam Smith believed that the government should not interfere or regulate the economy. This idea is known as laissez faire
 * 6) Plato believed that government should be ruled by philosophers
 * 7) Aristotle believed that government should be ruled by the middle class.
 * 8) Wollstonecraft believed women should be given the same education as men.
 * 9) Montesquieu believed government powers should be seperated into 3 branches.
 * 10) Pamphlets were a cheap and effective way philosophers were able to spread their ideas during the Enlightenment.
 * 11) During the Enlightenment, philosphers' idea were censored by Monarchs and the Church who would burn books and pamphlets or simply imprison the writers.
 * 12) During the Enlightenment some monarchs welcomed ideas like freedom of speech and religion but refused to give up absolute monarch.
 * 13) One reason why Britain become such a powerful nation was its powerful navy which helped established trade routes and colonies around the world.
 * 14) Taxation without representation, the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Boston Massacre are all factors that lead to the American Revolution.
 * 15) The Revolution War was fought between the British and the Americans.
 * 16) One idea that was incoroorated from the Enlightenment that our founding fathers incorporated into our government is freedom of speech.
 * 17) The reason why checks and balances is so important to our system of government is because it prevents one branch from becoming too powerful.
 * 18) Popular sovereignty is an Enligtenment era idea that means people hold the power in government.
 * 19) The US constitution created the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and the Executive Branch.
 * 20) The Executive Branch's ability to veto laws created by the legislative branch is an example of check and balances.

=III. French Revolution= = = = = =1.1 The Start of the French Revolution=
 * Ancient Regime:
 * **First Estate - made up of clergy**
 * **Second Estate - made up of nobility**
 * **Third Estate - made up of middle class - lawyers doctors journalist**
 * 1) When did it happen: 1789
 * 2) Why did it happen:
 * 3) How did it happen:
 * 4) RESULT OF:
 * Reign of Terror: what happen after the revolution
 * Allowed for Napoleon to take throne??


 * French read about American Revolution and desired similar rights and governemtns
 * Unfair Distribution of Wealth**
 * Most of the wealth and land was held by the first two estates
 * No government participation**
 * Only nobles were aloowed to hold positions
 * Unfair Tax Structure**
 * First two estates had most wealth but paid little taxes, while third estate made the least amount of money but paid most of the taxes.

= = =1.2 The French Revolution Unfolds=

During the time there was rumors spreading around scaring the citizens. One of the rumors was that the government troops were seizing peasant crops. The peasants then unleased their anger and fear by attacking old manor recrds and stole grain from warehouses.
 * __The Great Fear__**

The National Guard was a large group of the middle-class that formed a military to respond the arrival of royal troops in Paris. The National Guard was led by Marquis de Lafayette who fought alongside George Washington.
 * __The National Guard__**

The nobles had aggreed to give up their old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special lega status, and exemption from taxes. This was basically saying all men are born equal.
 * __Noble Sacrifices__**


 * __Declaration of the Rights of Man__**
 * Born and remain free "equal in right"
 * enjoyed natural rights "liberty, property, secruity, and resistance to oppression"
 * insited governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens
 * all male citizens were equal before the law.

=IV. IMPERIALISM=
 * Imperialism: the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.


 * Motives Driving the New Imperialism**
 * Economic Interest Spur Expansion:
 * The Industrial Revolution created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansions. Countries wanted to expand because they need to acquire more resources to power their technology. They also believed that they can form a new market of consumers to sell their goods.
 * Political and Military Motives
 * Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. They went on islands and harbors to satisfy those needs.
 * Humanitarian and Religious Goals
 * Missionaries viewed as other races as children and wanted to nurture them. They would try to convert other races into there law, religion, and medicine.

=V. WORLD WAR I= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia signed treaties to defend each other and hopefully create peace in the world, thinking that no one would be foolish enough to attack a combination so powerful. This however would have negative effect as two huge alliances were formed.

The Triple Alliance - Germany knew that France wanted to seek revenge but knew they would attack with help. With the powers of Germany, Italy and the Austria-Hungary, the three nations formed the Triple Alliance.

The Triple Entente - France and Britain signed an entente, or aggreemnt to follow common policies. Britain also formed an alliance with Russia. Other alliances were formedm Germany signing a treaty with Ottoman Empire and Britain becoming close with Japan.