BIOLOGY_PHOTOSYTHEIS

=Chapter 8 Outline=

8.Chemical Energy
> a. Adenosine diphosate is how energy stored in small amounts > b. ADP is like a rechargeable battery that powers the machinery of the cell. > a. Cells can realease energy stored in the ATP by the controlled breaking of the chemical bonds. > b. Storing & Releasing energy is a characteristic of ATP that is very useful as a basic energy source for all cells. > a. ATP powers movement, providing the energy for motor proteins that contract muscle and power the wavelike movement of cilia and flagella. > b. ATP power other stuff in the cell like the synthesis of proteins and respones to chemical signals at the cell surface. > c. cells only have a small amount of ATP. (Enough for a few seconds worth.) Instead cells regenerate more ATP from ADP. > a. Heterotrophs - organisms that obtain energy by consuming other living things. > b. Autotrophs - organism that can produce their own food. > c. Photosythesis - autotrophs that use energy from sun to produce food. (sugar and starch)
 * 1) Energy is the ability to do work. Without the ability to obtain energy, life would cease to exsit.
 * 2) Energy comes in many forms like light, heat, and electricity.
 * 3) Cell use ATP or adensine triphoshate to store and release energy
 * 4) **Storing Energy**
 * 1) **Releasing Energy**
 * 1) **Using Biochemical Energy**
 * 1) **Heterotrophs & Autotrophs**

8.2 Chlorophyll & Chloroplast
> a. Sunlight is seen as "white" light, but is actually a mixture of different wavelenghts. > b. Most of the wavelengths are visible to our eyes, we call them visible specturum. > c. We see differnt wavelenghts of the visible specturum as differnt colors: > red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, & violet. > a. Plants gather energy from the sun with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. > b. A principle pigment is called chlorophyll. They absorb light well in blue-violent & red region, but not in the green region. > a. photosyntesis takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts. > b. Chloroplat contain thylakoids, which are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as grana. > a. Light is a form of energy, and any compound that absorbs light, absorbs energy. > b. When chlorophyll absorbs light, energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecules. > c. By raising the energy of the electron, light energy can produce a steady supply of high-energy electrons. This is how photosyntesis work. >
 * 1) The lives on Earth are made possible by the sun and by the process of photosyntesis
 * 2) Photosyntesis to happen, light must be captured.
 * 3) **Light**
 * 1) **Pigments**
 * 1) **Chloroplasts**
 * 1) **Energy Collection**


 *  **Function** **: acts to control the metabolic activities of the cell. Is the central control centre which monitors internal and external conditions and turns on or off different genetic programs **
 * **General Structure** **:  is surrounded by a membrane which is similar in structure to the plasma or cell membrane. **
 * **Nuclear pores or holes occur at intervals along the membrane. **
 * **These holes provide a way for the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm. **
 * **Substances pass in and out of the nucleus through these openings **
 * **Components of Nucleus:**
 * 1) **Nuclear Envelop**
 * 2) **Chromatin**
 * 3) **Nucleolus**
 * 4) **Nucleoplasm**

** B8-i: Nuclear Envelop **

 * **Function**: selectively permeable to control movement in or out
 * **Structure**:
 * contains 2 unit membranes with fluid-filled space
 * present nuclear pores
 * outer membrane may be continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

** B8-ii: Chromatin **
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 * **Function**: Contains instructions that control cells metabolism and heredity
 * **Structure**: composed of long thin strands of DNA

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