HISTORY

=Beginning of War World II=
 * Germany**: Hitler goes agaisnt Western Deomocaries and build up his military and sends troops to Rhineland. [ a no military zone ]
 * Japan**: Wanted to create an empire that matched Western military. They attacked Easter China to build up their resources and stregthen their military. Western Democracies however, did not do anything to stop them.
 * Italy**: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and was able to take over their land with their advanced weapon. Halie Selassie, the king of Ethiopia, asked the League of Nations for help, but the league was unable to help because they didn't have the power to.

//Appeasement -// Giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace

European countries resorted to pacifism because they still thought about WWI and wanted to have worldwide peace.

United States passed a series of laws called Neutrality Acts. These laws forbade the sell of weapons to other countries and giving loans to other nations. This was to ensure that Americans would not be involved in any more European Wars.

__The Miracle of Dunrick__ - Hitler began his attack by launching an attack agaisnt Norway and Denmark. He then took his forces to Netherlands and Belgiu,. Germany than attacked thrgouht the Ardeness forrest, which is suppose to be invasion proof. Britain then took all available naval vessels and managed to save 300,000+ troops to safety. __Operation Sea Lion & "The Blitz"__ Hitler prepared for Speration Sea Lion, which is the invasion of Britain. After a month of fighting, Germany changed their tactics and bomb London and other Cities. The bombing of cities in Britain is called "The Blitz" __Rommel in North Africa__ Rommel was one of Hitler's most brilliant commander. He was sent to North Africa to take control of land in Africa. He was able to push Britain back across the dessert towards Cairo, Egypt __Invasion of Soviet Union__ Hitler wanted Soviet land because of its vast amound of natural resources. Hitler was able to push the Societs back but as winter came, the German forces was stalled because they were unable to adapt to the cold weather, which killed thousands of German soldiers. __Lend - Lease Act__ - Britain was fighting against Hitler alone and the U.S wanted to help but couldnt because of the Neutrality Acts. President Roosevelt was able to find a loophole by signing the Land-Lease Act which allowed the U.S to supply weapons only if " any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." [ says that U.S will help other countries if by helping them it helps the U.S ] __Pearl Harbor -__ Japanese airplanes attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941. 2,400 lives were taken and a number of battleships and aircraft were destroyed. President Roosevelt then declared war on Japan, which in turn Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S

=Turning the Tide= How did Allies Defeat the Axis power in Europe?

__War Production__ - Governments ordered factories to build weapons. [ Ex. Turning car factories into building tanks. ] - Food was rationed [ On some days certain foods would not be found in the states so that soldiers can have something to eat ] - Increased productions ends unemployment and the Great Depression. [ With so many factory jobs open, it was hard to find someone unemployed. ] - War bonds were sold [ Government giving war bonds to factories. This is how they payed for weapon production, and would pay back factories with interest after war. ] __The Big Three's Strategy__ - The Big Three [ Stalin, FDR, and Churchill ] said that they must win the European (Germany and Italy) side of war before concentrating fighting in the Pacific. (Japanese)

Japanese Invasion of China – Japan wanted to become an empire that is as powerful as western powers so they invaded China to keep their industrial resources. Treaty of Versailles Violations – Germany: built up military and sent troops to Rhineland. Japan: Invaded China and took over land. Italy: Invaded Ethiopia and attacked them with their much more powerful weapons. Appeasement – giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace Why Appease Hitler: //Fear of Modern Weapons:// Western powers knew the killing capabilities of modern day weapons //Widespread Pacifism:// This caused other European countries to oppose war, not wanting same results as previous war. //Treaty of Versailles:// Hitler responded to the Treaty of Versailles by building up military //Economic Depression:// Widespread Economic depression weakened Western power in which they didn’t want to get involved. //Soviet Threat:// Hitler’s fascism seen as a defense against Soviet communism. Axis Powers: Japan, Germany, Italy Allied Powers: USA, Britain, USSR, France = = = = = = =Benito Mussolini= (in power of Italian Govt 1922-1943)


 * [|1] [|EARLY LIFE]
 * [|1.1] [|Political **journalist** and **soldier** while in Switzerland]
 * [|1.2] [|Political journalist and Socialist after meeting Lenin as a member of Marxist Socialist Movement]
 * [|1.3] [|Break with Socialists]
 * [|1.4] [|Service in World War I]
 * [|2] [|Creation of Fascism]
 * [|3] [|March on Rome and early years in power]
 * [|3.1] [|Acerbo Law]
 * [|3.2] [|Squadristi violence]
 * [|4] [|Building a dictatorship]
 * [|4.1] [|Assassination attempts]
 * [|4.2] [|Police state]
 * [|4.3] [|Economic policy]
 * [|4.4] [|Government]
 * [|4.5] [|Role of education and youth organizations]
 * [|4.6] [|Foreign policy]
 * [|4.7] [|Conquest of Ethiopia]
 * [|4.8] [|Spanish Civil War]
 * [|5] [|Axis power]
 * [|5.1] [|Rome-Berlin relations]
 * [|5.2] [|Munich Conference, war looming]
 * [|5.3] [|War declared]
 * [|5.4] [|Dismissed and arrested]
 * [|5.5] [|Italian Social Republic]
 * [|6] [|Personal life]
 * [|6.1] [|Religious beliefs]
 * [|6.2] [|Racial views]
 * [|7] [|Death]
 * [|7.1] [|Mussolini's body]
 * [|8] [|Legacy]


 * 1- MUSSOLINI'S EARLY LIFE **


 * 1.1** 1901: As a schoolmaster at 19


 * 1.2** 1902: As a journalist & Soldier
 * Emigrated to Switzerland to avoid military service
 * Studied the ideas of the [|philosopher] [|Friedrich Nietzsche], the [|sociologist] [|Vilfredo Pareto], and the [|syndicalist] [|Georges Sorel].
 * During Switzerland he joined the Marxist Socialist movement, met Marxist [|Angelica Balabanoff], and [|Vladimir Lenin].
 * 1904, he was [|deported] to Italy, served in military for 2 years before returning to teaching


 * 1.3 Political journalist and Socialist **
 * 1908: Mussolini once again left Italy, took the job as the secretary of the labor party in [|Trento], (under control of [|Austria-Hungary]) where he also did office work for the local Socialist Party


 * 1910: returned to his hometown of Forli where he published //Il Trentino veduto da un Socialista//


 * 1911: Mussolini participated in a riot, led by Socialists, against the Italian [|war in Libya]. He bitterly denounced Italy's "imperialist war" to capture the Libyan capital city of [|Tripoli], an action that earned him a five-month jail term. After his release, he helped expel from the ranks of the Socialist party two 'revisionists' who had supported the war, [|Ivanoe Bonomi], and [|Leonida Bissolati]. As a result of this, he was rewarded the editorship of the Socialist Party newspaper //Avanti!// Under his leadersip, its circulation soon rose from 20,000 to 100,000. By now, he was considered to be one of Italy's most prominent Socialists.

During this time he had become important enough for the Italian police to take notice; the following excerpts are from a police report prepared by the Inspector-General of Public Security in Milan, G. Gasti.
 * 1913, he published //Jan Hus, true prophet//, an historical and political biography about the life and mission of the [|Czech] ecclesiastic reformer [|Jan Hus], and his militant followers, the [|Hussites]. During this socialist period of his life Mussolini sometimes used the pen name „Vero Eretico“ (sincere misbeliever).


 * 1.4** **SERVICE IN WW1 & Break with Socialism**
 * Gradually began falling out with his fellow socialists. His final break with [|socialism] came during World War 1, since he changed his former position of neutrality and supported Italy's involvement in the war.
 * He founded the //Il Popolo d'Italia// newspaper and established his pro-war group, //Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria//.
 * He then grew to despise socialism.
 * By the time Mussolini returned from [|Allied] service in [|World War I], he had decided that socialism as a doctrine had largely been a failure. In 1917, Mussolini got his start in politics with the help of a £100 weekly wage from [|MI5], the British Security Service; this help was authorised by Sir [|Samuel Hoare].
 * In early 1918, Mussolini called for the emergence of a man "ruthless and energetic enough to make a clean sweep" to revive the Italian nation. He hinted in a speech in Bologna that he might be that leader.
 * By 1919 he had organised the //Fasci de Combattimento// as a political force. "Socialism as a doctrine was already dead; it continued to exist only as a grudge". On 23 March 1919, Mussolini reformed the Milan //[|fascio]// as the //Fasci Italiani di Combattimento// (Italian Combat Squad), consisting of 200 members.
 * Failing to win a parliamentary post in 1919, Mussolini was elected as a right-wing member in 1921.

= [|Benito Mussolini Video (History Channel)] =
 * 2- CREATION OF FACISM **


 * 2.1** MUSSOLINI'S INSPIRATIONS FOR FACISM
 * Mussolini utilized works of Plato, [|Georges Sorel], [|Nietzsche], and the socialist and economic ideas of [|Vilfredo Pareto]
 * Mussolini admired [|Plato]'s work, //[|The Republic]//, which held a number of ideas that fascism promoted such as:
 * A Ruling Class of elites that protects the class system and promote class collaboration
 * Rejection of egalitarianism, promoting the militarization of a nation by creating a class of warriors,
 * Demanding that citizens perform civic duties in the interest of the state
 * Utilizing state intervention in education to promote the creation of warriors and future rulers of the state.
 * //The Republic// differed from fascism in that it did not promote aggressive war but only defensive war, unlike fascism it promoted very communist-like views on property, and Plato was an idealist focused on achieving justice and morality while Mussolini and fascism were realist, focused on achieving political goals.


 * 2.2** MUSSOLINI'S FASCISM: Revolutionary & Tradionalist
 * Sometimes described as "The Third Way".[|[29]] The Fascisti, led by one of Mussolini's close confidants, [|Dino Grandi], formed armed squads of war veterans called [|Blackshirts] (or //squadristi//) with the goal of restoring order to the streets of Italy with a strong hand.
 * The blackshirts clashed with [|communists], socialists and [|anarchists] at parades and demonstrations; all of these factions were also involved in clashes against each other.
 * The government rarely interfered with the blackshirts' actions, due to widespread fear of a communist revolution. The Fascisti grew so rapidly that within two years, it transformed itself into the [|National Fascist Party] at a congress in Rome.
 * in 1921, Mussolini was elected to the [|Chamber of Deputies] for the first time. In the meantime, from about 1911 until 1938, Mussolini had various [|affairs] with the [|Jewish] author and academic [|Margherita Sarfatti], called the "Jewish Mother of Fascism" at the time. An important factor in fascism gaining support in its earliest stages was the fact that claimed to oppose discrimination based on [|social class] and was strongly opposed to all forms of [|class war]. Fascism instead supported [|nationalist] sentiments such as a strong unity, regardless of class, in the hopes of raising Italy up to the levels of its great [|Roman] past. The ideological basis for fascism came from a number of sources.


 * 2.3** MARCH ON ROME & THE TAKE OVER OF PRIME MINISTER
 * **1922, Oct 27-29:** The March on Rome was a [|coup d'état] by which Mussolini's [|National Fascist Party] ousted [|Prime Minister] [|Luigi Facta].
 * On 28 October [|King Victor Emmanuel III] refused his support to Facta and handed over power to Mussolini.
 * Mussolini was supported by the military, the business class, and the liberal right-wing.


 * __AS PRIME MINISTER__
 * Mussolini's rule were characterized by a right-wing coalition government composed of Fascists, nationalists, liberals and even two Catholic ministers from the [|Popular Party].
 * The Fascists made up a small minority in his original governments.
 * Mussolini's domestic goal was the eventual establishment of a [|totalitarian] state with himself as supreme leader (//[|Il Duce]//)
 * He favored the complete restoration of state authority, with the integration of the //Fasci di Combattimento// into the armed forces (the foundation in January 1923 of the //Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale//) and the progressive identification of the party with the state.
 * In political and social economy, he passed legislation that favored the wealthy industrial and agrarian classes (privatisations, liberalisations of rent laws and dismantlement of the unions).
 * In 1923, Mussolini sent Italian forces to invade [|Corfu] during the "[|Corfu Incident]." In the end, the [|League of Nations] proved powerless and Greece was forced to comply with Italian demands.


 * __ACERBO LAW - **1923**__
 * transformed Italy into a single national constituency.
 * granted a two-thirds majority of the seats in Parliament to the party or group of parties which had obtained at least 25% of the votes. This law was applied in the elections of 6 April 1924. The "national alliance", consisting of Fascists, most of the old Liberals and others, won 64% of the vote largely by means of violence and voter intimidation. These tactics were especially prevalent in the south.


 * __SQUADRISTI VIOLENCE__
 * The [|assassination] of the socialist deputy [|Giacomo Matteotti], who had requested the [|annulment] of the elections because of the irregularities committed, provoked a momentary crisis of the Mussolini government.
 * The assasin, a squadrista named [|Amerigo Dumini], reported to Mussolini soon after the murder.
 * Mussolini ordered a cover-up, but The Matteotti crisis provoked cries for justice against the murder of an outspoken critic of Fascist violence.
 * The government was shocked into paralysis for a few days
 * Within his own party, Mussolini faced doubts and dissension during these critical weeks.
 * On 31 December 1924, [|MVSN] consuls met with Mussolini and gave him an ultimatum—crush the opposition or they would do so without him.
 * Fearing a revolt by his own militants, Mussolini decided to drop all trappings of democracy.
 * On 3 January 1925, Mussolini made a truculent speech before the Chamber in which he took responsibility for squadristi violence (though he did not mention the assassination of Matteotti).
 * He also promised a crackdown on dissenters. Before his speech, MVSN detachments beat up the opposition and prevented opposition newspapers from publishing.
 * Mussolini correctly predicted that as soon as public opinion saw him firmly in control the "fence-sitters", the silent majority and the "place-hunters" would all place themselves behind him. This is considered the onset of Mussolini's dictatorship.
 * While failing to outline a coherent program, Fascism evolved into a new political and economic system that combined [|totalitarianism], [|nationalism], [|anti-communism], [|anti-capitalism] and anti-liberalism into a state designed to bind all classes together under a [|corporatist] system (the "Third Way").
 * This was a new system in which the state seized control of the organisation of vital industries. Under the banners of nationalism and state power, Fascism seemed to synthesize the glorious [|Roman past] with a futuristic [|utopia].


 * The opposition parties responded weakly
 * Many of the socialists, [|liberals] and [|moderates] boycotted Parliament in the [|Aventine Secession], hoping to force Victor Emmanuel to dismiss Mussolini.
 * The king, fearful of violence from the Fascist squadristi, kept Mussolini in office.
 * Despite the leadership of communists such as [|Antonio Gramsci], socialists such as [|Pietro Nenni] and liberals such as [|Piero Gobetti] and [|Giovanni Amendola], a mass [|antifascist] movement never crystallized.
 * Because of the boycott of Parliament, Mussolini could pass any legislation unopposed.
 * The political violence of the squadristi had worked: there was no popular demonstration against the murder of Matteotti.


 * Dumini was imprisoned for two years.
 * On release he told others that Mussolini was responsible, for which he served further prison time. For the next 15 years, Dumini received an income from Mussolini, the Fascist Party, and other sources.


 * 3- BUILDING A DICTATORSHIP**


 * 3.1** A POLICE STATE
 * At various times after 1922, Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, foreign affairs, colonies, corporations, defense, and public works.
 * Sometimes he held as many as seven departments simultaneously, as well as the premiership.
 * He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist Party and the armed local fascist militia, the [|MVSN] or "Blackshirts," who terrorised resistances in the cities and provinces.
 * He would later form the [|OVRA], an institutionalised [|secret police] that carried official state support. In this way he succeeded in keeping power in his own hands and preventing the emergence of any rival.
 * Between **1925 and 1927**, Mussolini progressively dismantled virtually all constitutional and conventional restraints on his power, thereby building a [|police state].


 * A law passed on [|Christmas Eve] 1925 changed Mussolini's formal title from "president of the Council of Ministers" to "head of the government."
 * He was no longer responsible to Parliament and could only be removed by the king. While the [|Italian constitution] stated that ministers were only responsible to the sovereign, in practice it had become all but impossible to govern against the express will of Parliament.
 * The Christmas Eve law ended this practice, and made Mussolini the only person competent to determine the Parlament's agenda.
 * Local autonomy was abolished, and [|podestàs] appointed by the [|Italian Senate] replaced elected mayors and councils.


 * All other parties were outlawed in 1928, though in practice Italy had been a one-party state since Mussolini's 1925 speech.
 * In the same year, an electoral law abolished parliamentary elections. Instead, the [|Grand Council of Fascism] selected a single list of candidates to be approved by [|plebiscite].
 * The Grand Council had been created five years earlier as a party body but was "constitutionalised" and became the highest constitutional authority in the state.
 * On paper, the Grand Council had the power to recommend Mussolini's removal from office, and was thus theoretically the only check on his power.
 * However, only Mussolini could summon the Grand Council and determine its agenda.
 * To gain control of the South, especially [|Sicily], he appointed [|Cesare Mori] as a Prefect of the city of Palermo, with the charge of eradicating the [|Mafia] at any price.
 * He did not hesitate laying siege to towns, using torture, and holding women and children as hostages to oblige suspects to give themselves up.
 * These harsh methods earned him the nickname of "Iron Prefect".
 * In 1927 Mori's inquiries brought evidence of collusion between the [|Mafia] and the Fascist establishment, and he was dismissed for length of service in 1929.
 * Mussolini nominated Mori as a senator, and fascist [|propaganda] claimed that the [|Mafia] had been defeated.


 * 3.2** ECONOMIC POLICY
 * [|Green Revolution], known as the "__**Battle for Grain**__", in which 5,000 new farms were established and five new agricultural towns on land reclaimed by draining the [|Pontine Marshes].
 * In [|Sardinia], a model agricultural town was founded and named //Mussolinia//, but has long since been renamed [|Arborea]. This town was the first of what Mussolini hoped would have been thousands of new agricultural settlements across the country. This plan diverted valuable resources to grain production, away from other less economically viable crops. The huge [|tariffs] associated with the project promoted widespread inefficiencies, and the government [|subsidies] given to farmers pushed the country further into debt.


 * __**"Battle for Land",**__ a policy based on [|land reclamation] outlined in 1928. The initiative had a mixed success; while projects such as the draining of the Pontine Marsh in 1935 for [|agriculture] were good for propaganda purposes, provided work for the [|unemployed] and allowed for great land owners to control subsidies, other areas in the Battle for Land were not very successful.
 * This program was inconsistent with the __**Battle for Grain**__ (small plots of land were inappropriately allocated for large-scale wheat production), and the Pontine Marsh was lost during [|World War II]. Fewer than 10,000 [|peasants] resettled on the redistributed land, and peasant poverty remained high. The Battle for Land initiative was abandoned in 1940.


 * He also combated an [|economic recession] by introducing the **"Gold for the Fatherland"** initiative:
 * encouraged the public to voluntarily donate [|gold] [|jewellery] such as [|necklaces] and [|wedding rings] to government officials in exchange for [|steel][|wristbands] bearing the words "Gold for the Fatherland".
 * Even [|Rachele Mussolini] donated her own wedding ring.
 * The collected gold was then melted down and turned into gold bars, which were then distributed to the [|national banks].


 * Mussolini pushed for government control of business: by 1935, Mussolini claimed that three quarters of Italian businesses were under state control.
 * That same year, he forced all banks, businesses, and private citizens to give up all their foreign-issued stocks and bonds to the Bank of Italy.
 * In 1938, he also instituted wage and [|price controls]
 * He also attempted to turn Italy into a self-sufficient [|autarky], instituting high barriers on trade with most countries except Germany.
 * In 1943 he proposed the theory of economic [|socialization].


 * 3.3** **GOVERNMENT**
 * Press, radio, education, films—all were carefully supervised to create the illusion that fascism was //the// doctrine of the twentieth century, replacing liberalism and democracy.
 * The principles of this doctrine were laid down in the article on fascism, written by [|Giovanni Gentile] and signed by Mussolini that appeared in 1932 in the //[|Enciclopedia Italiana]//.
 * In 1929, a concordat with the [|Vatican] was signed, the [|Lateran treaties], by which the Italian state was at last recognised by the [|Roman Catholic Church], and the independence of [|Vatican City] was recognised by the Italian state
 * the 1929 treaty also included a legal provision whereby the Italian government would protect the honor and dignity of the Pope by prosecuting offenders.
 * In 1927, Mussolini was [|baptised] by a Roman Catholic [|priest] in an attempt to assuage certain Catholic opposition, who were still critical of a regime that had taken away papal property and virtually [|blackmailed] the Vatican.
 * Since 1927, and more even after 1929, Mussolini, with his anti-Communist doctrines, convinced many Catholics to actively support him.
 * In the encyclical //Non abbiamo bisogno//, [|Pope Pius XI] attacked the Fascist regime for its policy against the [|Catholic Action] and certain tendencies to overrule Catholic education morals.


 * The law codes of the [|parliamentary system] were rewritten under Mussolini.
 * All teachers in schools and universities had to swear an oath to defend the fascist regime.
 * Newspaper editors were all personally chosen by Mussolini and no one who did not possess a certificate of approval from the fascist party could practice journalism.
 * These certificates were issued in secret; Mussolini thus skillfully created the illusion of a "free press".


 * The trade unions were also deprived of any independence and were integrated into what was called the [|"corporative" system]. The aim (never completely achieved), inspired by medieval guilds, was to place all Italians in various professional organizations or "corporations", all of which were under clandestine governmental control.


 * Large sums of money were spent on highly visible public works, and on international prestige projects such as the //[|SS Rex]// [|Blue Riband] ocean liner and aeronautical achievements such as the world's fastest [|seaplane] the [|Macchi M.C.72] and the transatlantic flying boat cruise of [|Italo Balbo], who was greeted with much fanfare in the United States when he landed in Chicago.


 * 3.4** A POLICE STATE
 * 3.5** A POLICE STATE
 * 3.6** A POLICE STATE


 * - MUSSOLINI'S POLITICS:**
 * A)** Italian Prime Minister (1922-1936) and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. His Dream was to restore the Roman Empire
 * //__Fascism__// - a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry,commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
 * //__Elements of Fascism__//
 * __nationalism__: generally involves the identification of an ethnic identity with a state
 * __corporatism__: AKA corporativism is a system of economic, political, or social organization. Examples would include Farming Co-op, Labor Unions.
 * __national syndicalism__: typically associated with the Labor Movement. They rejects internationalism and favors militarism & nationalism
 * __expansionism:__ refers to the doctrine of a nation's expanding its territorial base (or economic influence) usually, though not necessarily, by means of military aggression
 * __social progress__ and __anti-communism__ in combination with __censorship__ __of__ __subversives__ and state [|propaganda].


 * B)** After 1936, his official title was "//His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire//".
 * **1936 - 1943:** Mussolini was a Totalitarian until he was unseated in 1943 right before his death
 * **//__Totalitarianism__ -//** A system of government in which one part dictates all aspects of citizens lives.


 * Created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy.
 * Leader of the Italian Social Republic


 * C)** By 1940, Mussolini became one of the main figures of the [|Axis powers]

- **WHY ITALY ALLOW MUSSOLINI TO TAKE POWER** A) __Economic Depression__
 * Italy joined the allies in WWI because they were promised land. When the Allies won Italy did not receive their promised land.

B) Claim to enact social justice
 * Benito promised to end corruption and return Italy to greatness
 * Claimed to oppose discrimination based on [|social class]
 * Strongly opposed to all forms of [|class war]
 * Supported [|nationalist] sentiments such as a strong unity, regardless of class, in the hopes of raising Italy up to the levels of its great [|Roman] past.


 * Secret police force called "Black Shirts" rejected democratic process and used violence to gain power.

B) Domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939
 * Public Work Programs notably The Pontine Marshes which reclaimed agricultural areas in


 * Public Transportation Work Program**

Why changed did he bring to Italy? Government considered the state more important than the individual. __Censor Press__ Destroyed/censored opposing ideas Newspapers,books,media __Controlled Economy__ Banned Labor Strikes Kept Wages Low Industry increased because they didn't have to pay high wages to workers. Promoted Nationalism.**
 * __Fascism__

=Hitler in Germany= =[|Hitler Rise and Death (History Channel Video)]= Why did Germany allow Hitler to take power?

Germany imposed punishments on Germany
 * Reparations [ had to pay for damages for WW ]
 * Alsace-Lorraine [ was land that Germany how to give up ]
 * Accepted Blame [ Was blamed for war and took the blame ]
 * Limited Military [ League of Nations said that they must limit their military ]

Economic Crisis
 * Germany could not pay for reparations so they printed more money. This led to inflation.**

Weimar republic It used a parliamentary system and said that women can vote.
 * Was a system that was created after WWI

Germans hated Weimar because it obeyed Treaty of Versailles.**

Intimidation and Terror
 * //Mein Kampf// [ meaning my struggle, wrote saying that dictatorship should rule government ]

Hitler becomes Chancellor Hitler appointed Chancellor less than a year being released from pris**on

=WWI= World War I **was a [|military conflict] that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's [|great powers],[|[1]] assembled in two opposing alliances: the [|Allies] (centered around the [|Triple Entente]) and the [|Central Powers].**

**I. ALLIANCES & BATTLES**
 **IA-1: Alliances Involved
 * Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia signed treaties to defend each other and hopefully create peace in the world, thinking that no one would be foolish enough to attack a combination so powerful. This however would have negative effect as two huge alliances were formed. Germany knew that France wanted to seek revenge but knew they would attack with help. With the powers of Germany, Italy and the Austria-Hungary, the three nations formed the Triple Alliance.

FRANCO-ANGLO-RUSSIA __France____&Russia__ **signed Franco-Russia Etete - 1894**
 * **Russia had previously been a member of the [|League of the Three Emperors] with Austria-Hungary and Germany. The League dissolved in 1884 and was not renewed, resulting in the [|Reinsurance Treaty] of 1887 and the [|Franco-Russian Alliance] of 1894.**

__France&____Britain__ **signed an entente or agreement to follow common policies**
 * 1) **Britain formed an alliance with Russia: Anglo-Russian Entete - 1907**
 * 2) France-Russia-Britain signed the Entete Cordiale **putting in place the triple Alliance**


 * **3 POWERS: USA-JAPAN-PORTUGAL**


 * **TRIPLE ALLIANCE:**
 * 1) **Germany signing a treaty with Ottoman Empire**
 * 2) **Germany form alliance with Austria-Hungary**
 * 3) **Germany form friendship with Italy**


 * and Britain becoming close with Japan.**

**A New Kind of War**
As the war began Germany and Russia had a long stalemate. Each nation used trench warfare, by digging deep trenches to protect their armies from fierce enemy fire.

Technology of Modern Warfare In 1915 Germany and the allies started using poison gas as a weapon. Poison gas blinded or choked its victims or caused agonizing burns and blisters. Eventually soldiers started using gas masks, but poison gas was one of the most dreaded technique or warfare.

Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines During world war I advances in technology led to the gasoline-powered engine. This caused Britain and Germany to use tanks, airplanes, and submarines. In 1916, Britain created the first armored tank, mounted with machine guns but wasn't enough to break the stalemate. Both nations used aircraft, but Germany used zeppelins to bomb the English coast. Later both sides equipped machines guns on airplanes and fought each other in dogfights. Germans started to use U-boats which were nicknamed from the German words for submarine.

Enlightenment - 1500's & 1600's During Enlightenment philosophers emphasized individual freedoms and limited government. Freedom of: Assembly, Bare Arms, Speech, Fair Trial
 * The Enlightenment

Philosophers was a key factor to the Enlightenment Era. **Hobbes and Locke Have Conflicting Views Jonh Locke – He believed that people were born reasonable and moral. He also believed that everyone was born with natural rights. (Life, Liberty, and property.) In //Two treatises of Government//, Locke believed that the best way to run a system that had a limited government and was accepted by all citizens.
 * Thomas Hobbes –** Wrote his ideas in //Leviathan//. He believed that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. Hobbes believed that a powerful government or absolute monarchy is the only way to bring order.

Montesquieu Advances the Idea of Separation of Powers
 * Montesquieu –** Wrote //The Spirit of the Laws//, and believed the best way to protect liberty was to divide power into three branches. (Legislative, executive, and judicial.) Dividing power into three branches would make sure that one doesn’t become too strong. This system is called Check and Balances.

Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought
 * Voltaire – Used wit and his pen as his weapon, he fought against inequality, slave trade, and injustice. He offended the French Government and Catholic Church and was eventually exiled.**

Diderot Edits the //Encyclopedia// - Even though The French were trying to ban the //Encyclopedia,// more than 4000 prints were published from 1751 to 1789.**
 * Diderot – Took years to create a 28-volume set of books called the //Encyclopedia//. Writing the //Encyclopedia// was his way “to change the way of thinking” by explaining ideas on religion, philosophy, and religion. The French believed the //Encyclopedia// to be an attack on public moral and threatened anyone who bought the book.

Rousseau Promotes //The Social Contract//
 * Rousseau –believed that people were naturally good. He believed that people become cruel because they were corrupted by society. He also felt that society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior and if that government should have control, it should be limited.**

=How Enlightenment Ideas Spread=

When philsophers began attacks on Enlightenment, the government began using censorship. (censoship was a way to restrict or block out information. They would burn written works or imprison writers.) For philosophers and writers to spread new ideas they would meet in groups at a certain location. This meeting is called salons. Some people did accept these new ideas on Enlightenment, these people are called Enlightenment Despots. They used their power to bring political and social change. Frederick II - Frederick the Great, used his power to reduce torture and allow free press. He saw himself as "first servant of the state," with a duty to work for the common good. Catherine the Great - She was empress of Russia. She abolished torture and established religious freedom. She also criticized feudalism. Joseph II - He would dress up in disguise and go around and ask his people how he was running his kingdom. He also ended Censorship. Unforetuantly these changed would not last because they were not willing to give up all their power. They still wanted to be an absolute monarch.

Warm up Questions 2 Describe Laissez faire 3 Three ways enlightenment ideas were spread
 * ## What was going on during the enlightenment?
 * 1) Describe Natural Rights
 * Rights that belongs to all humans by birth (life, liberty, and property.)
 * a system that uses little or no government involvement.
 * salons, book, and phamphlets

4 how did absolute monarchs/ the church try to stop the spread of Enlightenment ideas? Censorship Strong Navy, and center of trade
 * 1) what did some "Enlightenmented Despots" do to increase individual freedom?
 * allowed free press, religious freedom, ended censorship
 * 1) Did the changes last in Europe
 * no, because the monarchs still wanted absolute power
 * 1) Two reason why England was powerful
 * 1) Two reasons why US Rebelled
 * Excessive Taxing, and Boston Massacre
 * 1) Two ideas from Enliggtenment that was incorporated into the US gov.
 * Freedom of speech and 3 branches of government
 * 1) The american revolution was fought between what two nations
 * england and america
 * 1) the stamp act and the boston massacre were two factors that...
 * led to the american revolution
 * 1) When our found fathers wrote and signed the declaration of independance they were dclarring ...
 * peace from britian
 * 1) Aristotle believed should rule.
 * middle class
 * 1) Plato believed should rule.
 * philosophers

Lecture

 * 1) During the Enlightenment philosopher emphasized individual freedoms and limited governments.
 * 2) A republic is a form of government in which people elect officals
 * 3) Thomas Hobbles believed that man was naturally cruel and selfish and a powerful government was needed to ensure a civilized society.
 * 4) Rousseau believd that man was naturally good and should have ultimate authority over their government.
 * 5) Adam Smith believed that the government should not interfere or regulate the economy. This idea is known as laissez faire
 * 6) Plato believed that government should be ruled by philosophers
 * 7) Aristotle believed that government should be ruled by the middle class.
 * 8) Wollstonecraft believed women should be given the same education as men.
 * 9) Montesquieu believed government powers should be seperated into 3 branches.
 * 10) Pamphlets were a cheap and effective way philosophers were able to spread their ideas during the Enlightenment.
 * 11) During the Enlightenment, philosphers' idea were censored by Monarchs and the Church who would burn books and pamphlets or simply imprison the writers.
 * 12) During the Enlightenment some monarchs welcomed ideas like freedom of speech and religion but refused to give up absolute monarch.
 * 13) One reason why Britain become such a powerful nation was its powerful navy which helped established trade routes and colonies around the world.
 * 14) Taxation without representation, the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Boston Massacre are all factors that lead to the American Revolution.
 * 15) The Revolution War was fought between the British and the Americans.
 * 16) One idea that was incoroorated from the Enlightenment that our founding fathers incorporated into our government is freedom of speech.
 * 17) The reason why checks and balances is so important to our system of government is because it prevents one branch from becoming too powerful.
 * 18) Popular sovereignty is an Enligtenment era idea that means people hold the power in government.
 * 19) The US constitution created the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and the Executive Branch.
 * 20) The Executive Branch's ability to veto laws created by the legislative branch is an example of check and balances.

Ideas were spread by salons. Salons were informal gatherings that consisted writers, artists, and philosopher. They met to discuss art, scrience, and political ideas.

How was economic cahnged by the enlightenment? A new approach called laizzez-faire develophed which requhired little or no government regulation. Adam Smith believed this approach (supply and demand) would govern the economy.**
 * Some believed that governmentr regulation and mercantilism was unnecessary.

Enligtened Despots
 * How did ideas take hold in Europe?**
 * books
 * salons
 * pamplets (cheap & abundant)

How did absolute monarchs respond to the spread of Enlightments? (Burn books and imprisoned writers)
 * Censorship



Ancien Regime: First Estate - made up of clergy Second Estate - made up of nobility Third Estate - made up of middle class - lawyers doctors journalist

=The Start of the French Revolution= 1) When did it happen: 17 2) Why did it happen 3) How did it happen

4) RESULT OF:
 * Reign of Terror: what happen after the revolution
 * Allowed for Napoleon to take throne??

Unfair Distribution of Wealth No government participation Unfair Tax Structure
 * French read about American Revolution and desired similar rights and governemtns
 * Most of the wealth and land was held by the first two estates
 * Only nobles were aloowed to hold positions
 * First two estates had most wealth but paid little taxes, while third estate made the least amount of money but paid most of the taxes.

=The French Revolution Unfolds=

__The Great Fear__ During the time there was rumors spreading around scaring the citizens. One of the rumors was that the government troops were seizing peasant crops. The peasants then unleased their anger and fear by attacking old manor recrds and stole grain from warehouses.

__The National Guard__ The National Guard was a large group of the middle-class that formed a military to respond the arrival of royal troops in Paris. The National Guard was led by Marquis de Lafayette who fought alongside George Washington.

__Noble Sacrifices__ The nobles had aggreed to give up their old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special lega status, and exemption from taxes. This was basically saying all men are born equal.

__Declaration of the Rights of Man__
 * Born and remain free "equal in right"
 * enjoyed natural rights "liberty, property, secruity, and resistance to oppression"
 * insited governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens
 * all male citizens were equal before the law.

Imperialism: the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Motives Driving the New Imperialism** Economic Interest Spur Expansion: - The Industrial Revolution created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansions. Countries wanted to expand because they need to acquire more resources to power their technology. They also believed that they can form a new market of consumers to sell their goods.

Political and Military Motives - Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. They went on islands and harbors to satisfy those needs. Humanitarian and Religious Goals - Missionaries viewed as other races as children and wanted to nurture them. They would try to convert other races into there law, religion, and medicine.

on and made more powerful.